TYPES OF COUNSELLING

 TYPES OF COUNSELLING 

DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING,NON-DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING,EELECTIVE COUNSELLING 

Meaning,Steps,characteristics, Basics assumption, advantage,Limitations 

DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING 

B.G.WILLIAMSON:-- " The counsellor assumes the major responsibility of solving the problem. Counsellor identifies,defines,diagnoses, and provides a solution to the problems. Counsellor directs thinking by informing, explaining , interpreting and advising." 

           In this types of approach the counsellor plays an important role. This approach is also known as counsellor-centered. Under the process, the counsellor plan the Counselling process his work is to analyze the problems identify the exact nature of the problem and provide various option.

            Williamson was a great founder of this kind of approach as he say that this approach is good to address the problems relating to educational and vocational adjustment. This type of Counselling is a concept where educational and vocational guidance relate to the personality dynamics and interpersonal relationship. This types of counselling is more useful where the individual wants information and advice for choice of a career. This approach does not focus its attention on personality development as such.

STEPS OF DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING 

1)-ANALYSIS:--- It includes collections of information about the individual which can be collected through structured interviews,psychological case history method interaction with family members,friends etc.

2)- SYNTHESIS:--- After collection of lot of data ,the information is organized in the logical manner to analyse the individual in term of his qualifications potential liability adjustment cultural back ground habits etc.

3)-DIAGNOSIS:-- The diagnosis consists of the interpretation of the data in relation to the nature and problem the cause of problems.

4)-PROGNOSIS:-- Under this steps a prediction is made about the future development of problem. 

5)- COUNSELLING:-- The Counselling here is to bring about adjustment and re-adjustment to the individual in relation to his problem -attitude and interest of the individual are considered during the counseling. It emphasises the individual to develop life cycle,where and efffort in the positive direction could lead to success and success inturn,could lead to further efforts and motivations.

6)- FOLLOW UP:-- The sixth steps in directive counsellling is follow up,which is extremely important. An individual may be able to solve immediate  problems through Counselling. The role of counsellor is important as he has to make the individual understand and accept his strength and also his weakness and faults.

CHARACTERISTICS OF DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING 

1)- The counsellor play a vital role in the process. 

2)- It gives advice to the client. 

3)- In this process the focal point is the problem not the person.

4)- The client is sub ordinate to the counsellor. 

5)- The method used in this Counselling are direct and explanatory. 

6)- Counselling stress move one the person's intellectual aspect than the emotional aspect of the personality. 

BASICS ASSUMPTION (TECHNIQUE) OF DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING 

1)- COMPETENCY IN GIVING ADVICE:--- The counsellor process the best training experience and information. He is more competent to provide an advice to problem. 

2)- COUNSELLING AS AN INTELLECTUAL PROCESS:-- A client not destroyed as a result of un-adjustment. Counselling is primarily an intellectual process. It stress upon the intellectual aspect of a person instead of emotional aspect of the personality. 

3)- COUNSELLING OBJECTIVE AS PROBLEM SOLVING SOLUTION:-- The objective Counselling are achieved through problem solving solution. 

4)- CLIENT'S INCABILITY OF SOLVING THE PROCESS:-- The counsellor does not process the capability for solving the problem always.

ADVANTAGE OF DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING 

1)- This method is useful from the time consuming view point. It save time.

2)- In this type of counselling there is more focus on the problem and the person.

3)- The counsellor can look at the client directly.

4)- Counselling focuses more on the intellectual aspect of the person than emotional aspect of the personality. 

5)- In this process the counsellor becomes readily available to help which makes the client very happy. 

LIMITATIONS OF DIRECTIVE COUNSELING 

1)- In this process the client is more dependent. He is also less able to solve new problems of adjustment. 

2)- As the client is never independent of the counsellor it is not an efficient best guidance.

3)- Unless and untill a person does not develop some attitude through experience he cannot make any decision himself.

4)- The counsellor fails inserving the client to commit the mistake in future.

NON DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING 

The main advocate of non -directive counseling is CARL R. ROGERS. This principle was developed in many years. Hence various areas got included in such type of Counselling such as the development of personality, group leadership,education and learning,creativity interpersonal relations and the nature of an entirely active person. This theory was develop in between 1930 and 1940. This theory believe that sufficient means of solving a person's problem are present within the person himself. The functions of the counsellor is to provide such an environment in which the client is independent to grow so that he may become what he likes to become. This school of thought gives importance to the emotional aspect of vocational and emotional problems and disapproves the diagnosis information as a part of counselling process. 

               The client-centered counselling revolves around the client. In this the client is encouraged to lead in conversation and to express his own attitudes, feelings, and ideas. The counsellor mostly remain passive. He never interferes the client's idea thought, feelings, flow of expression. The counsellor helps the client incompleting his conversation. Basically the counsellor makes his efforts to develop mutual feelings of confidence in both the parties.

                 In this approach, open end question are asked. These question are loosely structured. In the answers of these questions the person project his own personality. The main concern of the counsellor is with the sumurization of emotional content told by the client.

               When the client's is answering he should be encouraged to speak in detail through proper method. The client feels that the counsellor really respect the clients ideas. He gets the impression from the types of questions which a counsellor takes from the client and the interviere is taking .interest in this client. The counsellor doesnot ask the questions merely to explore the facts. In the non directive counselling every person has the right to independent as a specialist psychologist. In such types of Counselling diagnostic instrument are used either infrequently or completely not used. This counselling is a growth experience. In this he client can act with his own intellect or understanding. In this emotional of effective aspects are more emphasized than the intellectual aspect.

BASIC ASSUMPTION ( TECNIQUE) OF NON DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING

1)-- BELIEF IN THE DIGNITY OF MAN:-- ROGERS believes in the dignity of the man. He considers the person capable of taking decisions and he accepts his right to do so.

2)--TENDENCY TOWARDS ACTUALIZATION:-- 

In the earlier writings of Rogers it was emphasized that the persons or clients growth and developmental capacity is that person's characteristic on which the method of counseling and psychotherapy depend. Even after so many years his this opinion got strength that a person's tendency includes growth adjustment socialization freedom etc. This directional tendency is termed as "Actualizing Tendency " these days.

3)-- MAN IS TRUSTWORTHY:-- Roger's considers the person basically good and reliable. He also known that the person behaves than unreliable manner too. A person is born with some problems which must be controlled if healthy personality development is desired.

4)-- MAN IS WISER THAN HIS INTELLECT:-- When some organization functioning independently and effectively then the awareness is a very small part or component of the entire process. When the organization feel some difficulty in its system of functioning .

          Snyder has also mentioned the following assumption (techniques) of non directive counseling:--

1)- The client has right to select the goal of his life.

2)-- If the client is given an apportunity he will select these goals which may possibly provide him great happiness. 

3)-- In the counseling situation one should reach very quickly at a point from where the client may be able to start functioning independently. 

STEPS (PROCEDURE) IN NON DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING 

CARL ROGERS has given the following steps of this non directive counseling:--

1)- DEFINING THE PROBLEMATIC SITUATION:-- First of all the counsellor should define the problematic situ.

2)- FREE EXPRESSION OF FEELING:-- After the first steps the client is made aware of the fact that he can express his feelings freely and the counsellor approves this behavior. 

3)- CLASSIFICATION OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEELING:-- After the free expression of feelings by the client the counsellor identifies his negative and positive feelings and he classifies them.

4)-DEVELOPMENT OF INSIGHT:-- The counsellor goes on thinking regarding the client's new feelings along with the development of clients insights and he goes on classifying all those new feelings. 

5)- TERMINATION OF COUNSELLING SITUATION:- The counsellor look for a point where he can terminate the counseling situation after all the above steps. According to this school of thought either the client or the counsellor can suggest for such termination of counseling situation. 

CHARACTERISTICS OF NON DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING 

1)-It is client- centered counseling. 

2)- It is based on the principles that a person has so much capacity and drive that he can grow and develop so that he may face the situation in reality. 

2)- In this school of thought the counsellor is passive to the maximum. 

4)- A person is accepted in his originally and he is free to 3xpress his any attitude. 

5)- Through this counselling his psychological adjustment improves. 

6)- It's use reduces psychological tensions.

7,) - In this type of counseling there is closeness between the picture of the self drawn by the client and a desirable of ideal picture of his own. 

8) - Client behaviour  is considered more matured emotionally. 

9) - In this research Axlines (1947) has shown that the reading improvement speeds up as a result of client centered play way method in the primary schools even if special reading instructions are not given. 

10) - The general aim of the counsellor in client centered counselling is to bring changes in the functioning of the client and the organization. 

11) - This school of thought is just reverse to that of directive counselling. 

13) - In his counselling the entire responsibility is of client or the person. 

ADVANTAGE OF NON DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING

* The development of the problem solving ability in the client. 

* Being client- centered school of thought, other unwanted activities and test can be avoided. 

* This school of taught shifts the person from his unconscious state of mind to the conscious state of mind and release tension. 

* This type of counselling leaves it's impression for a longer period. 

LIMITATIONS OF NON- DIRECTIVE COUNSELLING

* This counselling is not so deep like psycho analysis. 

* This counselling has a draw back of lack of permission for flexibility to the counsellor, 

*It is a time consuming process. 

*The client can not depend on his resources, decision and intellect. 

* All the problems can not be solved orally or verbally or by talks only. 

EELECTIC COUNSELLING

In the process of counselling the counsellor may start with the directive counselling method and after some time he can follow non directive counselling procedure or vice versa as the situation demand. In this the techniques should be according to the situation and the client. In this type of counselling the main techniques used are re-assurance giving information, case -history, testing etc. Hence in this eelectic counselling, of the counsellor and the client are active and cooperative but they participate in conversation turn wise and solve the problem jointly. 

STEPS OR PROCEDURE OF EELECTIC COUNSELLING

Study of the needs and personally characterstics of the client:-

According to this school of thought the counsellor investigates the client needs initially. In this step too he gathers information regarding the characterstics of a person's personality. 

*SELECTION of TECHNIQUES:-- In this step need based techniques are selected and these are used in accordance with the need of the person. 

*APPLICATION of TECHNIQUES:-- The selected techniques are applied in specific situations only. The utility of the selected techniques is observed in the context of the client. 

*EVALUATiON of EFECTIVENESS:-- In this step the evaluation of effectiveness is done through various method. 

*PREPARATION FOR COUNSELLING:-- 

Here preparation is done for guidance and counselling 

*SEEKING THE OPINION OF THE CLIENT AND OTHER RELATED PEOPLE:-- Opinion of the client and other related people are sought regarding the programme concerning counselling other objectives and subject etc. 

CHARACTERSTICS OF EELECTIC COUNSELLING

According to THORNE the following are the charactetstics of eelectic counselling:--

*In this objective and coordinating methods are used. 

* In the beginning of counselling client active methods are used and the counsellor remain passive. 

*In this more importance is assigned to the job efficiency and treatment. 

*In this the principles of law expenditure is emphasized. 

*In such counselling  for the use of all the methods and techniques the professional efficiently and skill in the counsellor are must. 

*Keeping in mind the need of the client it is decided whether directive method or non directive method should be used. 

*Making an opportunity available to the client is insisted so that he may find him- self the solution of the problem. 

LIMTATION OF EELETIC COUNSELLING:--

*Some people are of the view that this type of counselling is opportunistic. 

*Both directive and non directive counselling can not be mixed together. 

*In this the question arises how much freedom should be given to the client? For this there is non definite rule.